Physics of Whales Swimming :: physics whale swim

Animals can't rotate like wheels on a car. They must move by oscillatory motion. The resulting flow of fluids are complex and create agonizing studies for biofluid students. These students often find themselves at the forefront on research in fluid dynamics of unsteady, complex viscous flows. Often men have marveled at the dolphins and whale and at how gracefully they moved through the water. Jim Rohr, a fluid dynamicist working for the US Navy was on an evening cruise in the waters near San Diego when he saw nature doing what scientists had failed to do in the lab: reveal water motion to the naked eye. Watching the plankton bioluminesce as the boat moved by he realized that if he could measure that luminescing he could measure fuid dynamics, turbulence and laminar flow. But how do the plakton know that the water is moving? And what forces act on animals as they swim? The answer is mechanical strain of relative motion. Fluids flow around walls slower than they flow in the middle. As the fast molecules tug on the slow ones this creates shear stress. Since velocity is always zero, the faster the liquid, or the animal moving through it, the greater the sheer stress. This is laminar flow. But at some point laminar flow turns to turbulence. Turbulence decreases speed because it increases drag. The plakton were feeling the pull of the drag gainst their cells and luminescing. Whales create spectacular sights as they cruise through the ocean. We have observed them as they thrust with powerful tails and direct themselves with stiff pectoral flukes. To move forward they swing their tail in vertical motions. This powerful motion can push them for hundreds of miles during migration or jettison them out of the water in amazing aerial displays. Below is an animation of an orca as it moves its tail to go forward. Notice that the front of the body is fairly rigid as a planning surface. Other whales, like the Grey Whale, are more streamline for longer journeys. The gray whale migrates from Alaska to Baja twice a year in the spring and fall. Rohr believed that bioluminescence could solve a very large question: do whales and dolphins have frictionless skin and can we imitate it? Laminar flow creates much less shear stress than turbulent flow at the same velocity because there is no swirling or random motion.

Alcoholism And Rehabilitation

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol dependence, is unfortunately a widespread ailment which spans people of all age groups and socioeconomic levels. The health risks of this disease, and alcoholism is a disease, are as widespread as the individuals who contract it. In addition to these health risks, alcoholism is also an influencing factor in another problem plaguing societies, domestic violence. Thus, alcohol and anger create a sometimes fatal combination. As a result, rehabilitation success rates are vital in the ridding alcoholism and its negative effects from society.Alcoholism is a disease which can be described by degree. Alcohol dependence describes individuals who have developed a â€Å"maladaptive pattern† of alcohol consumption which is characterized by a developing alcohol tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, or hangovers, and the inability to stop drinking. It doesn’t stop there People with alcohol dependence may progress to alcohol abuse which can significantly in terfere with their social lives, their work or their interpersonal relationships.In addition, this abuse can also cause a host of related issues including â€Å"major depression, dysthymia, mania, hypomania, panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders, any drug use disorder, schizophrenia, and suicide† (Cargiulo 2007). According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), drinking up to 14 drinks in a week for men or seven drinks per week as a woman could indicate alcohol dependence. In addition, the NIAAA estimates that up to nearly 18 million Americans could be considered alcoholics (Lauer 2006).That amounts to way too many individuals who are addicted to a drug that is both physically and mentally harmful, not to mention the effects on society as a whole. Despite the many mental and physiological problems that are associated with alcoholism, some of the most frightening are the health problems associated with the brai n. Evidence exists that shows the damage that alcohol consumption does to the brain. Brain imaging studies have revealed that people with alcoholism have significant differences in parts of their brains than those without alcoholism.The brain volume is reduced in alcoholics as well as the blood flow to the brain. The reduced blood flow has been linked to a lowering of inhibitions and memory, impaired cognitive function in general and even damage to the corpus callosum (Cargiulo 2007). Thus, alcoholism can directly translate to serious problems with the mind. These problems can lead to long term brain damage. Lesions in the brain form in those with long term patterns of alcohol abuse. This can translate into Korsakoff’s disease which is characterized by motor impairment and thinking impairments which can affect a person’s ability to care for himself.In the end, the individual may have to be cared for institutionally. Alcohol affects the neurotransmitters in the brain. A s the disease progresses to chronic status, the brain cells begin to adapt to the alcohol that seems to reside permanently in the brain. As a result, the brain becomes reliant on the alcohol to work. If alcohol is removed, the symptoms of withdrawal take longer and longer to subside. Ultimately, the brain tissue will rebel, in a way, and the withdrawal symptoms can be severe, even fatal. Once the cells in the brain die, they cannot be regenerated (Shoemaker 2003).These effects seem to affect males to a greater degree than females. This fact can be explained by differences in drinking patters, choice of alcoholic drinks, rate of alcohol metabolism and the protective effects of hormones such as estrogen (de Bruin, 2005) As such, alcohol dependency and abuse is three times more prominent in men as it is in women even though evidence suggests that for both genders, the numbers are underreported (Cargiulo 2007). As if the physical effects on the body were not bad enough, the behaviors of individuals who are addicted to alcohol are also quite dangerous.The drinkers find themselves to be less inhibited and more willing to engage in risky behaviors. Many of these behaviors can be characterized as aggressive and violent. In addition to the money that society has to pay for the medical care, it is also very costly to sort through all the social issues that alcoholism may create. Galvani (2004) gives several possible reasons why this risky and damaging behavior may occur in drinkers. Physiological theories argue that ethanol, the drug in alcohol increase aggression biologically.A theory known as Disinhibition Theory notes the earlier link between alcohol and cognitive function, specifically the portion of the brain mentioned above that regulates levels if inhibition. The Deviance Disavowal theory argues that the abusers use alcohol as a reason for their behavior and consciously drinks so that they can blame the alcohol for their actions. Social Learning theories explain that people will act in a way based on their experiences around others. Therefore, parents and societal expectations can lead to alcoholic abuse and abusive behaviors (Galvani, 2004).As with many ailments, more than one option for treatment exists. Many of these options can occur in conjunction with others. For years, behavior modification such as one might find in various 12 – Step Program or other similar programs have been the way of choice. These programs focus on the addicts significantly changing the way they behave in society including the people with whom they associate. Either a professional or a group of individuals led by a former addict facilitate the alcoholic’s recovery.Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), is an organization most known for its success rates for alcoholics’ recovery. It is available to anyone who desires its services. Lately increasing research evidence has found that a 12-step program affiliation is not only effective on its own, but even mo re effective along with professional, medical treatment, including residence based programs. The truth is, â€Å"Involvement with AA is consistently and positively associated with improved drinking outcomes, replicated across a large volume of studies using a variety of treatment methods† (Cloud, Zeigler and Blondell, 2004).The reason for this success is the three core items of AA: identification of self as a member, the number of steps completed, and the quantity of meetings attended (Cloud, Zeigler and Blondell, 2004). It can be a tiring process for an already worn individual. Because so many of these types of programs rely on frequent attendance by the alcoholics. One study sought to find the correlation, if any, between the duration of treatment and the level of intensity of the treatment. Moos and Moos (2003) conducted a study of 276 alcoholics who began formal treatment for alcohol abuse.These patients were involved with out-patient programs, residential programs, or a combination of the two. The average length of treatment was 20. 7 weeks, and the average intensity, or number of contacts, was 2. 8 contacts per week. These researchers first note that the individuals who had longer duration of treatment usually had less intense treatment. They found that patients who had a short treatment duration, which is considered 1-8 weeks, were more likely to abstain from alcohol than those who received no help whatsoever.If the treatment lasted for nine weeks or more, then the patient was even more likely to abstain from alcohol. This seems to suggest that the longer the treatment duration, the better the individual may respond to the treatment (Moos and Moos, 2003). However, recently the question has arisen as to whether or not recovering alcoholics must completely abstain from alcohol or not. Most programs, such as AA, or other groups perhaps affiliated with churches or in-patient and out-patient residential programs, build potential and motivation for suc cess on complete life changes.These changes includes huge behavior shifts which focus on completely eliminating alcohol. Unfortunately, many people do not seek treatment because they don’t want to completely give up the occasional beer or social glass or wine. Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst (2005) agree and have encouraged programs like Moderation Management which do not force individuals to part with alcoholic beverages forever. Allowing a choice of goal may be one effective way to increase the numbers of people willing to enter alcohol treatment.It is estimated that as few as 10% of individuals with alcohol use disorders attend treatment; more flexible goals may appeal to a wider range of these people. There is also evidence that therapy can move people toward choosing a realistic drinking goal for themselves (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005). On one side of this debate are those that argue in favor of abstinence. They say that the disease controls the individual and that this person will definitely lose control of they are exposed to alcohol, even a small amount . (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005).Never drinking again is the surest way to â€Å"cure† this disease. Alcohol recovery patients are constantly reminded that they are and always will be an alcoholic, just like a diabetic always will be a diabetic. Opponents to the abstinence-only argument argue that people and their problems with alcohol are all different with different times of drinking and different levels of drinking. The researchers use the common phrase â€Å"different strokes for different folks† in describing this philosophy. While they agree that some problems require abstinence, but they allow that other individuals could moderate their drinking and still improve.They call this a â€Å"harm-reduction orientation toward alcohol problems† which â€Å"focuses less on the amount of alcohol consumed and more on helping individuals decrease the harms rel ated to alcohol use. Although abstinence may be desirable, it is not the primary measure of successful outcomes† (Humphries, Weingardt, aned Hoyst, 2005). Some of the personal demographics of individuals who are more likely to experience success on non-abstinent programs include younger people, those with social and psychological stability, those who are regularly employed, and those who believe that they can seriously manage a moderate drinking program.However, if the patients are pregnant, experiencing liver problems, or are in the advanced stages of alcoholism, they may be forced to consider only the abstinence route (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005). Another reason that some people avoid seeking treatment for alcoholism is their reluctance to commit to residential or in-patient treatment. Luckily, recent studies have indicated that outpatient treatment is effective in treating alcoholic dependency. Studies of this type have reported abstinence rates of 34-59% for 6 m onths post-treatment, 48 % for 19 to 24-month post-treatment and 52% for the 49-month post-treatment mark.In Bottlende and Soyka’s study of 2005, their rates were slightly higher for the six month mark at 64% abstaining, and 14 % significantly reducing their alcohol intake with a 22% rate of serious relapse. Perhaps, if people understood that they could get good results with a outpatient program, they would be more inclined to seriously consider treatment. Additionally, alcoholics do not need lengthy terms of treatment. Perhaps a brief commitment would do the trick for many with alcohol problems.â€Å"Brief interventions targeting alcohol consumption have been found to be very effective in changing clients’ consumption levels† (Roche and Freeman, 2004). One study cited by these researchers noted that heavy drinkers were likely to reduce the amount of alcohol they consumed six and twelve months after a brief intervention as compared with similarly heavy drinkers who received no interventions whatsoever: A WHO study conducted in eight countries involving over 1600 participants found that brief interventions reduced daily alcohol consumption on average by 17% and intensity of drinking by 10%.Brief interventions also reduce the number of alcohol-related problems, health-care utilization and associated treatment costs and the number of emergency department admissions. Brief interventions are also highly cost-efficient due to the minimal cost of the intervention and the breadth of scope for prevention of more serious and more costly problems (Roche and Freeman, 2004). However, the same benefits were not noted for women or for low consumers of alcohol who occasionally drank at very hazardous levels, also known as binge drinkers.Evidence suggests that â€Å"the majority of alcohol-related harms† affect these moderate to low drinkers who binge (Roche and Freeman, 2004). This study just shows that people do react differently to alcohol. One h uge area of research in alcohol rehabilitation right now is in the area of gender. The above study mentioned that women do not receive the same level of benefits from brief interventions as men receive. This has led many researchers to fill the research gap between studies that focus on only males or on mixed genders and females. While women have a lower rate of substance abuse, those that are alcoholics suffer just as men do.In fact, women actually suffer more severe effects in some cases than men do. For example, women have more alcohol related health issues, â€Å"mental disorders, death rates, quicker addictions and greater social isolation and stigma† (Najavits, Rosier, and Nolan, 2007). This is unfortunate because women have become increasingly more addicted to alcohol at younger and younger years of age. However, studies also indicate that while in treatment, women show more rapid improvement and are more able to control impulsive behaviors that are so problematic for men (Najavits, Rosier, and Nolan, 2007).Of course, one rehabilitative method that is often overlooked in the search to rehabilitate alcoholics is the pharmacological method. While drugs are frequently use to aid in helping alcoholics avoid painful and dangerous withdrawal symptoms, others are now being marketed as treatment methods themselves. One such drug is Acamprosate which is a synthetic compound with a similar structure to that of the neurotransmitter GABA and the neuromodulator Taurine† (Scott, Figgitt, and Keam, 2005).Once the patient is detoxified, Acomprosate helps the patient maintain abstinence in the place of rehabilitation programs. This way, individuals can maintain his social and professional life. Several studies found this to be true a year after use had begun â€Å"irrespective of disease severity or the type of psychosocial support† (Scott, Figgitt, and Keam, 2005) the patient received. Also, the drug appears to pose few tolerance issues such as naus ea, diarrhea or the like. A second prescription medication is available for the treatment of alcoholism.Naltrexone has also produced very positive results in promoting abstinence among recovering alcoholics. This drug has also had several positive research trials and works better in conjunction with behavioral therapy. One way this drugs works is to result in a reduced urge to drink and negative physical side effects if it is taken in conjunction with alcohol (Rohsenow, 2004). Alcoholism is a horrible, addictive disease that leads not only to medical problems such as brain and liver problems, but also to psychological problems, social problems and even violent behavior.The disease affects individuals differently, and new approaches are always being considered to treat each sufferer. While abstinence only and residential programs seem to have prevailed in the past, the new approaches are leaning to more brief, outpatient programs and interventions that support both abstinence and mod eration when it comes to alcohol consumption. These new programs also take into account differences that result from race and gender. With hope, this disease will soon be tamed, or even eradicated, with better and better rehabilitation programs.. References Bottlender, M. & Soyka, M. (2005). Efficacy of an Intensive Outpatient Rehabilitation Program in Alcoholism: Predictors of Outcome 6 Months after Treatment. European Addiction Research 11 (3): 132-137. Cargiulo, T. (2007). Understanding the health impact of alcohol dependence. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 64: S1-S17 Cloud, RN, Ziegler, CH, & Blondell, RD. What is Alcoholics Anonymous Affiliation? Substance Use & Misuse 39(7), 2004: 1117-1136 Galvani, S. (2004). Responsible disinhibition: Alcohol, men and violence to women.Addiction Research & Theory 12 (4): 357-371 Humphreys, K, Weingardt, KR, & Horst, D. Prevalence and predictors of research participant eligibility criteria in alcohol treatment outcome studies, 197 0-98. Addiction 100(9), Sep 2005: 1249-1257 Moos, RH & Moos BS. Long-term influence of duration and intensity of treatment on previously untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders. Addiction 98 (3), March 2003: 325-337. Najavits, LM, Rosier, M, & Nolan, AL. (2007). A New Gender-Based Model for Women's Recovery From Substance Abuse: Results of a Pilot Outcome Study.American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 33(1), 2007: 5-11 Roche, AM & Freeman, T. (2004). Brief interventions: Good in theory but weak in practice. Drug and Alcohol Review 23(1):11-18. Rohsenow, Damaris J. (2004). What Place Does Naltrexone Have in the Treatment of Alcoholism? CNS Drugs 18(9): 547-560. Scott, LJ, Figgitt, DP, and Keam, SJ. (2005). Acamprosate: A Review of its Use in the Maintenance of Abstinence in Patients with Alcohol Dependence. CNS Drugs 19(5): 445- 464 Shoemaker, W. (2003). Alcohol’s Effects on the Brain. Nutritional Health Review: The Consumer’s Medical Journal 88:

The First Ammendment and Dealing with the Separation of...

The First Ammendment and Dealing with the Separation of Church and State Is it unconstitutional for local, state or federal governments to favor one religion over another? Government can show favoritism toward religion by displaying religious symbols in public places at taxpayer expense, by sponsoring events like Christmas concerts, caroling, by supporting the teaching of religious ideas, or even by supporting the teaching of creationism in public schools. It appears the United States government has had a history of favoring Christianity. The United States governments favoritism of Christianity is a clear violation of the First Amendment. This amendment states that Congress shall make no law respecting an†¦show more content†¦Even in the early stages of American history there was an urge to put legally protected freedoms into written government documents. The result was the drafting of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, by James Madison (Klinker: 110-111). The applications of the personal freedoms described in the Bill of Rights, particularly the freedom of speech, have been challenged repeatedly in American courts of law and elsewhere. These incidents and challenges of authority reflect the defensive American attitude toward the ever important freedom of expression and the growing significance of personal rights throughout American history. The church became intermingled with politics and became a strong entity. The policies delivered from the church had more authority than the local rulers and magistrates of the developing feudal system. For example, St. Augustine wrote about war and what justified its enactment against fellow men (Witt, 1998: 99). This policy was followed and adhered to for hundreds of years after St. Augustine wrote it. Another example, is the use of the Bible as a guideline for establishing governing systems. Scripture portrayed God as choosing the king of the people. The Pope, being Gods representative was then given the authority to crown the king. This crowning process gave the Pope large influence in the political arena. This ritual continued for a number of centuries (Witt: 100). One could recognize theShow MoreRelatedEssay on Is America Really the Home of the Free?2251 Words   |  10 Pages What about Freedom for All? The most common phrase in America today is â€Å"Home of the Free†. When America first started out in the Colonies the above quote was probably very true. As time has passed through the centuries, America has felt the need to regulate and reduce the freedom that our founding fathers had intentionally planned for us. Such things as religion, reproductive rights, Native Americans and their rights, and marriage rights are being marginalized. These rights could be considered

The Argument Of Capital Punishment - 1922 Words

The Argument of Capital Punishment There not many issues in the criminal justice system that have caused more heated discussions and arguments as consistent and strong as that of the argument of capital punishment. Capital punishment (death penalty) is one of the most critical issue that has strong defenders and opponents. This kind of punishment is the most severe form in the U.S. todays and it has different type which lethal injection is the most common (â€Å"Ethics and Law†). There have been many religious arguments involved in both sides of the argument, citing both the need for justice and the sanctity of human life. This debate regarding the death penalty has become a complex issue in recent years with concerns as to the equality of the criminal justice system, the position of physicians in assisting in executions, and the likelihood of reform, improvement and rehabilitation amid individuals currently serving on death row. Also, Make a decision on capital punishment is so complex and difficult for the federal government. Each side of defenders and opponents have their own strong reasons. On the one hand, offenders believe fear of death prevent peoples from committing crim. Also, they mentioned on the Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 which stablished constitutional procedure forShow MoreRelatedThe Capital Punishment Arguments888 Words   |  4 PagesDEATH PENALTY ARGUMENTS Introduction to the Issue Capital punishment is one of the most controversial issues in contemporary American criminal justice administration because it consists of the purposeful taking of the life of another. On one hand, killing for any reason besides the absolute necessity of self-defense violates the moral principles upon which modern society is built. On the other hand, there are criminals whose conduct (including the wanton murder of others) justifies suspensionRead MoreArgument For Capital Punishment889 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing whether the death penalty is wrong. I will be arguing in favor of capital punishment and will be presenting several arguments to back up my position. First, an understanding of what the death penalty is and why it is used currently needs to be established. The death penalty has been around almost as long as humans have. It is a form of punishment that is a deterrent for other criminals. Also, capital punishment is a way to prevent the criminal being put to death from c ommitting any furtherRead MoreArguments for Capital Punishment852 Words   |  3 PagesCapital punishment is the death penalty .Capital Punishment is the lawful infliction of death as a punishment and since ancient times it has been used for a wide variety of offences. As real justice requires people to suffer for their wrong doing, and to suffer in a way appropriate for the crime. Each criminal should get what their crime deserves and in the ease of a murderer what their crime deserves is death. Capital punishment permanently removes the worst criminals from society and should proveRead MoreThe Arguments Surrounding Capital Punishment907 Words   |  4 PagesTheory of Retribution The arguments surrounding capital punishment have focused primarily on its ability to provide general deterrence. Instead of focusing on a purely utilitarian aspect of capital punishment, it may be useful to analyze the death penalty through a morality perspective. The idea of retribution often carries a negative connotation because of its equivocation with the concept of revenge. While they may externally seem similar, they are far from analogous when analyzing the underlyingRead MoreArgument for Capital Punishment Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesArgument for Capital Punishment If it were up to me, every murderer in this country would be put behind bars on death row and have their life taken from them just as they took the life of another. The guidelines of an eye for an eye go back thousands of years. Many countries still hold true to these guidelines. Although America doesnt follow the same as these countries, I believe when it comes to murder, they should. Putting people to death for committing murder makes other potentialRead MoreTruman Capote Arguments On Capital Punishment811 Words   |  4 PagesTruman Capote’s Argument on Capital Punishment In Truman Capote’s Novel, In Cold Blood, Capote synthesises the writing techniques of a reporter and an author to tell the horrific and true story of the Clutter family murders. Capote uses comparison, selection of detail, and understatement to pose his argument that capital punishment is not a correct practice. Upon murdering the Clutter family, Perry Smith and Richard â€Å"Dick† Hickock are housed in a jail as they await their trial, which would bestowRead MoreRogerian Argument: Capital Punishment Essay641 Words   |  3 Pageshave been passionately debating the subject of the capital punishment, which has only served to create more divisions within our society. It is an extremely sensitive subject, and one that inspires strong emotions in both directions. Like abortion, gun laws, and the war on terrorism, capital punishment is an issue on which everyone is never likely to agree. If we examine some arguments presented from both sides, opponents of the capital punishment claim that executing someone is nothing more thanRead MoreArgument Against Capital Punishment Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pageshappiness—that is unless youre on death row. In modern day America we are still faced with the antiquated ritual of capital punishment, a practice that interferes directly with the law of the land. The same forms of punishment used during the middle ages are still in effect today, the same ideas that should have been abolished had the U.S. government revised its penology. Capital punishment is cruel as well as unusual and inadequate for our advanced society. The United States is known world wide as aRead More Argument for The Abolishment of Capital Punishment GCSE1179 Words   |  5 Pageslife be worth more than another?s? Would you like to have your dignity, and even your basic human rights to stripped away from you at the flick of a switch or the pull of a tri gger? What is the point in Capital punishment when it doesnt even deter crime? A study into the effect of Capital Punishment said, the presence of the death penalty in law and practice has no discernible effect as a deterrent to murder. How does this serve as a deterrent to crime? It offers the convict an easy way out withRead MoreComparing Two Arguments on Capital Punishment Essay890 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Two Arguments on Capital Punishment In these two short essays, one by Anthony G. Amsterdam and another by Ernest Van Den Haag both authors make two very important views. Although one supports capital punishment and one is against capital punishment, both authors have good reasons to support their case. Amsterdam believes that capital punishment is a brutal process that a murderer has to go through. Amsterdam believes that the murderer should be punished for their actions, but

Essay on Imagery of Blood in William Shakespeares Play...

Imagery of Blood in William Shakespeares Play Macbeth In the play Macbeth , William Shakespeare uses blood as a symbol throughout the whole story to show the different emotions and themes within the context of the play. It’s a bit ironic for someone whose name means â€Å"the son of life† that he has to take so many lives instead of being a father to the people he was trying to rule. The play refers to blood in three key points to create great imagery in this play, guilt, honor, and family/ancestry are some strong points that this imagery is used. Blood shows many things in this play, such a thing like honor. Malcom the heir to the throne has made his way to England to escape the treacherous acts of the tyrant Macbeth. While there Macduff†¦show more content†¦Blood showing ancestry and family throughout this play usually entails that Macbeth will be taking the live of some family member close to the actual bloodline of the current king like King Duncans bloodline. Macbeth starts off the killing of innocent people on King Duncan the king of Scotland. Bloodthirsty Macbeth has the nerve to confront Malcom to talk about the death of his father â€Å"The spring, the head, the fountain of your blood/ Is stopped; the very source of it is stopped./ Your royal father murdered†(2.3.85). Donalbain and Malcom the two closest to the throne have there heads up as their father has been murdered as Donalbain proclaims when he says â€Å"There’s daggers in men’s smiles. The near in blood,/ The nearer bloody.†(2.3.128) The hubris of Macbeth bleeds so heavily when he is faced with a duel by Macduff a worthy Thane who suspects Macbeths wrong doings throughout the play. â€Å"And let the angel whom thou still hast served/ Tell thee Macduff was from his mother’s womb/ untimely ripped†(5.8.13). exclaims Macduff and puts Macbeth on his toes for he did not even think of something of the sort could stop his reign ofShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Shakespeares Imagery Ess ay1012 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s writings have touched many lives, both in the Elizabethan era and in today’s modern society. He has so many famous writings and plays that there are too many to talk about. He put a lot of time, heart, and effort into all of his writings. Three of his most famous major works are Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet. They are timeless and classics. It is even a question as to why they have lasted to this day. It is most likely because of Shakespeare’s popularity, imagery, andRead MoreMeaning Of Blood In Macbeth1318 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribe William Shakespeares World-Renowned play, Macbeth. Macbeth contains a copious amount of blood imagery, but not all of the imagery has to mean anything, or have the same exact meaning. Blood is omnipresent literally and figuratively throughout the play. What does blood actually mean in Macbeth? Some say blood represents the Macbeths’ guilt, and some include greed. In Jesuss point of view, blood has a holy and sacred meaning of life, and further support from Cliffnotes.com, â€Å"Blood itself —Read MoreEssay on Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth1723 Words   |  7 PagesImagery and Symbolism in Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   With its eye-opening plot and interesting cast of characters, William Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth is one of the greatest works one could ever read. But, above all, the aspect of the play is most impressive and overwhelming with imagery and symbolism that Shakespeare so brilliantly uses. Throughout the play, the author depicts various types of imagery and symbolism instances that, eventually, lead to the downfall of the main character, Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreEssay on Imagery in Macbeth1147 Words   |  5 Pagesis the blood that runs through its people’s veins. No one is a stranger to blood, and its universality allows many authors to utilize it as effective imagery in their literary works. British playwright William Shakespeare uses blood imagery in many of his plays, one prevalent example being Macbeth. In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses blood imagery to symbolize guilt, foreshadow negative events, and develop Macbeth as a tragic hero. In his famous tragedy Macbeth, Shakespeare uses blood imagery to symbolizeRead MoreImagery in Macbeth by William Shakespeare1172 Words   |  5 PagesImagery in Macbeth William Shakespeare use of imagery creates a picture in the mind of his audiences that tells a thousand words. In most of his literary work, he shows the importance of imagery, and how authors can manipulate a readers feelings towards a character. In Macbeth, one of Shakespeare’s greatest plays, he shows his very skillfully uses imagery. Macbeth is one of the great tragedy themed plays by William Shakespeare. It’s about three witches that decide to manipulate a Scottish generalRead More Blood Imagery in Macbeth Essay1916 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth is a story taken from Scottish history and presented to the Scottish king James I. Shakespeare took this gory tale of murderous ambition, however, and transformed it into an imaginative tale of good and evil. Shakespeare brought about this transformation by relying upon â€Å"imaginative verbal vigor† that imbeds itself in the brilliantly concentrated phrases of this literary work. Critics have dubbed it his darkest work, along with King Lear. In his critique of Shakespeare’s worksRead MoreEssay on Images and Imagery in Macbeth939 Words   |  4 PagesImagery in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   Darkness, disorder, mayhem, fear, guilt, and hypocrisy are all important themes carried throughout William Shakespeares Macbeth by the effective use of imagery in reference to ill-fitting clothing, blood, and light verses dark. Imagery in this play tiptoes its way though every scene to create a malevolent atmosphere of shame and false pretenses.    The contrast between light and dark during Macbeth clearly relates to the conflict between good andRead MoreBlood Imagery in Macbeth Essay1451 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is the ultimate story of a fight between the forces of good and evil. It tells the tale of a tragic hero whose quest for power leads to his ultimate downfall. Macbeth starts out as an honorable warrior but changes when his ambition becomes uncontrollable. As he becomes increasingly paranoid, Macbeth uses violent means to eliminate threats to his Scottish throne. As the play progresses, blood continuously plays a part in the events as the murders become more frequent. William ShakespeareRead MoreMacbeth’s Greed for Power Leads to his Inevitable Fate930 Words   |  4 Pages In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the audience watches as Macbeth, a noble thane of Scotland, kills the King in his greed for power and eventually fate repays him with a horrible and violent downfall. The readers can see how Shakespeare uses the certain imagery to amplify his theme of how one’s drive and need for power leading to corruption. One can see this with Shakespeares use dark in the play, his use of blood, and finally through his use of unnatural elements and beings. The readers see throughoutRead MoreTheme Of Blood Imagery In Macbeth872 Words   |  4 Pages MACBETH’S FALL INTO EVIL Shakespeare uses imagery to show Macbeth’s fall into evil. Darkness is invariably associated with evil and to a certain extent deception. William Shakespeare employs the imagery of darkness throughout his play of Macbeth. He uses dark images often to describe instruments of disorder and the evils which characters portray. Macbeth is a tragedy that was written by Shakespeare in the Elizabethan Era. In Elizabethan England night air was said to be impure and rheumy and it

Media violence Pointing at the wrong culprit Free Essays

Nowadays, violence in the streets is becoming commonplace. Headlines are screaming of assaults and other senseless crimes. Thus, it is necessary to understand what causes violence to minimize, if not stop, its prevalence in society. We will write a custom essay sample on Media violence: Pointing at the wrong culprit or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this age of technology, media is very influential among people because of its global reach. Thus, there have been arguments that media violence translates to societal violence. Through the years, there has been an increase in the quantity of violence, and media has been transforming to a more sexual, graphic, and sadistic media. Because of the technological development, bullets exploding in people’s brains were seen in slow motion in movies. Wrestling fans cheer over hard-hitting action, and one particular video game’s, Grand Theft Auto, goal is murdering as many people as possible. Moreover, extremely violent lyrics are common in music. The Web makes access to all these kinds of media easily accessible as well as contains violent materials (Vidal, Clemente, Espinosa, 2003). The presence of cruelty in different types of media means that it is appealing to people. Violence is incorporated to media because it is what â€Å"sells† to people. The question now is, Does it cause societal violence? Many believe that people exposed to violence in the media have a more aggressive behavior. Media has been accused of teaching children how to kill people. However, the actual connection between media and violence is yet to be established (Bushman Anderson, 2001), and some researchers believe that blaming media is only one way for others who refuse to believe that the actual violence is seen at home and in the community. Indeed, guns, drugs, alcohol, and poverty heavily influence youth, much more than media does. Those who are believed to be influenced by media live in ghetto cities where people mostly are in the low socioeconomic bracket and belong to the minority groups. A common factor among these people is the presence of abuse and violence, even before the media became a part of the popular culture. Rap music, accused for its violent lyrics, originated from these areas, a reflection of the experiences of those who created the music. Artists of metal music are said to incite violent tendencies among youth, and Marilyn Manson was blamed for the Columbine shooting. Similar to rappers, metal music artists usually had poor upbringing and exposed to violence throughout their childhood. Cases against the rock bands claiming that they are responsible for influencing the violence in teenagers were dismissed because the teenagers were under the influence of drugs and, similarly to most artists, have depressing lives. In reality, music does not cause violence; rather, musicians are only expressing the violence that they experienced in the society.Approximately 90% of violent youths were exposed to violence at homes, were abused, and have depressing lives, even before they learned how to listen to music. As regards movies depicting violent scenes, these only slightly increase aggression (Freedman, 2002). Similarly to music, movies only emulate reality, and the graphics only help to make films as â€Å"real life† as possible. Again, it is the poor home environment that raises a violent child. As an example, movies, animes, and video games in Japan are more violent than in the United States, but are there any reported incidents of shootings by teenagers at school? None. Furthermore, there are less incidence of crimes committed by teenagers. Indeed, violence in society is rapidly rising, but people should not point their fingers at the wrong culprit—media. Media violence does not cause societal violence; rather, violence is only portrayed in media. Although it is true that violence in media increases aggression in children, ultimately, proper upbringing is essential to ensure that a child does not grow to be a violent person. Instead of focusing on media violence, people should focus on the real problem—poverty, drugs and alcohol, loose gun laws, and domestic violence. References Bushman, B. Anderson, C. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific fact versus media misinformation. American Psychologist, 56(6–7), 477–489. Freedman, J. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression: Assessing the scientific evidence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Vidal, M.A., Clemente, M., Espinosa, P. (2003). Types of media violence and degree of acceptance in How to cite Media violence: Pointing at the wrong culprit, Essay examples

International Marketing Segmentation

Question: Discuss about the International Marketing Segmentation. Answer: Introduction International market simply can be defined as the market where transactions can be done into one country to another. Genuinely it is a marketing principles application which is moving on internationally. International market is as same as global market. The exchange of products and services are done by the international market (Xepapadeas 2013). In Australia, there are different types of Fruit Grower Company and Apple Pear Australia Limited (APAL) is one of them. The company was established in 1981. Previously it was named as Australian Apple and Pear Grower Association (AAPGA). In 2001, the company named as Apple and Pear Australia Limited (APAL). Since 2014-15, the industry of Apple is valuable around $556 million on the other hand the industry of Pear is valuable around $125 million. It means that the combined values of Apple and Pear are $681 million. For this APAL has the highest value in fruits industry and it is the best fruit grower company in Australia. In International market, the company has made a growing possession within the country. The aim of the company is to provide best product to the country and also outside country. APAL wants to offer best services and products to the whole country and it is widely growing in international market. APAL is now most popular company and have vital characteristics in over the entire international market (Turnbull and Valla 2013). Plan to expand the company into International market Apple and Pear Australian Limited (APAL) is the best fruit grower company in Australia which is growing well in the marketing strategy. It has wide range of effect in the marketing segmentation. The company increases the potential yield and decreases the cost of production. It is the top fruit grower company in Australia. The company also focuses on online sales in the market. Its profit margin increases every year and gives various facilities to their customers. Maximizes the customers benefits and enhances the visibility of products and also provides the guidelines for each brand in the market. It includes all standards and collateral brands of the products. The objective of these brands is to deliver the outstanding experience to the customer within the market segmentation (VERBOZ, BUCAK ATAY, 2013). APAL, a fruit growing company is planning to expand its business to international market segmentation. Although it has wide range of affect in the Australia, the company wants to grow up their business into the whole world and the company is growing too. It is now spreading around 16 countries excluding Australia into the world like Argentina, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom, United States etc. As the manager of the company, APAL fruit growing company is planning to produce more products within the whole country for the better service of the customers and also planning to give more products satisfaction to the whole 16 countries. Whole auditing system has to be maintained by the company internationally like knowledge about the product, quantity and quality of the products and rates of the products in the market (WineTech 2015). Identification of best country for the product As it is discussed above that the company has grown up into worldwide market segmentation but there are some important ingredients into the company. The manager has to identify that in which country the product has more demand because if demand increases, the supply of the product remains decreases. On the other hand, if supply of the product increases, the demand will decrease. For this reason the manager of the company has to identify its companys products for better satisfaction of the people needs. After findings, it has been considered that the APAL fruit growing company is widely running out in the worldwide market and now it is planning to expand the company in South Asia country because the standard of living of the people in South Asia is very high. They demand for these products in large quantity. The company provides all natural resources to the country where people of the country can meet their requirement. The company is providing genuine and fresh product to the country to expand the business. The company wants to give proper satisfaction to the people of the country. For this, the company produce more and sale the products at high demand in the market. The company is trying to provide more products to the country and wanted to building up a large branch of the company in South Asia (Ceperley 2013). Marketing plan for the South Asia (Chosen Country) Now the APAL fruit growing company is making plan of 5 years marketing strategy in South Asia on the basis of its final year strategic plan. In order to create the marketing plan of fruit growing company in South Asia, the company has to know the natural resources of the country. The good work on advertising on brand positioning, CRM, insight of consumers, collateral and social media, website direct marketing and internal marketing are the main aspects of the company in South Asia. The company is doing two types of plans such as marketing plan and business plan in the South Asia to achieve the target of the company. The marketing plan of the company mainly ropes the strategy and product of its company. The company is planning to increase the number of sales in the country because people demand higher for the product and also getting improved their awareness of the product in the market segmentation. In next 5 years the company will widely expand in the South Asia country because the company is reflecting at high rate of growth in that country (Ronkainen 2013). There are various types of International marketing plan of the company in South Asia such as production plan and human resource plan. These plans help the company as internal and external environment in the country. The company sets an elegant objective that how to achieve the target of the business within the competitive market (Plangger and Shapiro 2012). Figure 1: Marketing plan in South Asia Source: www.learnmarketing.net/marketingplan/us/ Why the country is suitable South Asia country is very suitable for the products of the company because this is a well developed country and the standard of living of people in the country is high. In order to create a marketing plan in the South Asia country, the company must have some major components like situational analysis, strategy of marketing, forecasting sales and budgeted expenses. All these ingredients can be done in that company. The company also plans for some specific sales campaign to develop the business in the country. There is an implementation of senior marketing expert to segment the market plan efficiently. The country is suitable because it has the needs of such products. There is not any contingency risk and issues in the country (Czinkota 2013). Rationale and entry mode In todays world, the international market of APAL fruit growing company in Australia has become very grown up and making a large quantity of product within the international market. The method of the entry mode is depending upon the business, product of the company and the effect of the environmental analysis of marketing. In order to incorporation of the company, it must be incurred some direct and indirect expenses. Contracting with another country is another form of entry method of the company. In order to incorporate the marketing entry method in South Asia, the company must have to share its knowledge and efficiency to the host country for its best development. To run the business properly in the country, the company may incur some joint venture for the South Asia international market. These methods are shown bellow; Figure 2: Entry Method. Source: www.learnmarketing.net/internationalmarketing/us Environmental analysis The APAL fruit growing companys analysis of environment in the South Asia contains some numeric steps at the times of deciding to enter into international market. There are some environmental factors to run the company in South Asia such as political factor, economical factor and social factor. In the company there are many analytical tools in which some are little common and it is used in the company basically. PESTLE analysis is the main ingredient of environmental analysis of the company in South Asia. It is the tool to success of the fruit growing company in country. The company uses this analysis to grow up the company in competitive market. According to social factor, the company is related to the society of the country. Energy and infrastructure technology is to be considered in the country of South Asia. With the help of PESTLE analysis of environmental tool the company can make forecasting of its products in the country. (Conejo and Caizares 2016). Target customers profile and product positioning According to Sweeting 2013, the customers profile refers to the buying capacity of the customers in the country. To develop the marketing plan of the company, the demographic and Psychographic profile of the customer is very much needed because it is dependable on the success of the business. Demographic customer profile includes behavior of personal description. The company must establish a product positioning within the country to understand the concept of the customer and to fulfill the basic needs of the customers. Now the company is trying to produce more products in South Asia because the needs of the customer are increased within the whole country. There is also a product differentiation in the market, means sometimes company compares its product with other companys product to create the competitive advantage of that product because market is competitive in the South Asia country (Sweeting 2013). Conclusion From the above discussion it has been concluded that as APAL fruit growing company is the best and biggest brand in Australia, it provides the services to more than 16 countries into the worldwide. All the countries are fully satisfied with the product of the company. They demand for high level production. In International market, the company has made a growing possession within the country. The aim of the company is to provide best product to the country and also outside country. From the above findings it has been considered that although the company is providing goods to the whole country internationally, it has more concentration in the South Asia because there is large market segmentation in the country. The company is planning to increase the number of sales in the country because people demand higher for the product and also getting improved their awareness of the product in the market segmentation in the country. A market plan has been founded to develop the business over the country of South Asia. The company maximizes the customers benefits and enhances the visibility of products and also provides the guidelines for each brand in the market which includes all standards and collateral brands of the products. The objective of these brands is to deliver the outstanding experience to the customer within the market segmentation. The report is also considered the suitability of the product in the country. The company evaluates the entry method as well as rationale of the product within the country which is depending upon the business. The report also analyses some environmental factors within the country. In order to the entry method of the company, it must be incurred some direct and indirect expenses. Contracting with another country is another form of entry method of the company. As per discussion, this country is suitable because the company is giving more concentration and becoming a large fruit growing company after Australia. References Berthon, P.R., Pitt, L.F., Plangger, K. and Shapiro, D., 2012. Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), pp.261-271. Burton, F. and Cross, A.R., 2015. A Reappraisal of Franchising Across National Boundaries in Foreign Market Entry Mode Analysis. InProceedings of the 1993 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 638-642). Springer International Publishing. Carraro, C., Katsoulacos, Y. and Xepapadeas, A. eds., 2013.Environmental policy and market structure(Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. Ceperley, D.M., 2013, January. The Relative Performances of Several Scientific Computers for a Liquid Molecular Dynamics Simulation. InSecond Chemical Congress of the North American Continent, Las Vegas, NV, August 24-29, 1980. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013.International marketing. Cengage Learning. Gmez-Expsito, A., Conejo, A.J. and Caizares, C. eds., 2016.Electric energy systems: analysis and operation. CRC Press. Harms, R. and Schiele, H., 2012. Antecedents and consequences of effectuation and causation in the international new venture creation process.Journal of international entrepreneurship,10(2), pp.95-116. Hsu, Y.L., 2012. Facebook as international eMarketing strategy of Taiwan hotels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,31(3), pp.972-980. Park, S.B., Seronello, S., Mayer, W. and Ojcius, D.M., 2016. Hepatitis C Virus Frameshift/Alternate Reading Frame Protein Suppresses Interferon Responses Mediated by Pattern Recognition Receptor Retinoic-Acid-Inducible Gene-I.PloS one,11(7), p.e0158419. PTY, D.V.I.R.T., 2015. WineTech 2015.Australian and New Zealand Grapegrower and Winemaker, (617), p.29. PTY, D.V.I.R.T., 2016, March. Current developments-Australia. InIntellectual Property Forum: journal of the Intellectual and Industrial Property Society of Australia and Asia(No. 104, p. 68). Intellectual and Industrial Property Society of Australia and Asia Inc. Sweeting, A., 2013. Dynamic product positioning in differentiated product markets: The effect of fees for musical performance rights on the commercial radio industry.Econometrica,81(5), pp.1763-1803.